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Construction Accidents in San Antonio’s Building Boom: Understanding Your Workers’ Compensation Rights

San Antonio stands at the forefront of Texas’s unprecedented economic expansion, with construction cranes transforming the skyline from the historic downtown core to the rapidly developing outer loops. Major developments, including Pearl District extensions, luxury high-rise residential towers, and extensive highway infrastructure projects, have generated thousands of construction jobs across Bexar County. However, this remarkable building surge has simultaneously triggered a substantial increase in workplace accidents and workers’ compensation claims throughout the construction industry. More information about “workers compensation lawyers” here

San Antonio’s Dynamic Construction Environment

The Alamo City’s construction sector continues flourishing through diverse major projects:

Urban Revitalization Initiatives: Historic building renovations and contemporary high-rise developments downtown
Transportation Infrastructure: I-35 corridor improvements and Loop 1604 expansion throughout the metropolitan area
Residential Development: Stone Oak master-planned communities, Alamo Ranch subdivisions, and Southside neighborhood revitalization
Commercial Expansion: The Pearl Farmers Market district, Medical Center hospital additions, and premier retail destinations
Municipal Infrastructure: San Antonio Water System modernization, airport terminal expansions, and utility upgrades

This extensive construction activity employs tens of thousands of workers, spanning skilled tradespeople to general laborers, each confronting significant safety hazards daily across active job sites. More information about “work accident injury lawyers san antonio” here

Prevalent Construction Accidents Throughout San Antonio

Falls From Elevated Surfaces

Falls represent the leading cause of construction fatalities, accounting for 37% of industry deaths in Texas during 2021. San Antonio construction sites experience frequent fall incidents including:

• Scaffolding structural failures during downtown high-rise construction
• Ladder-related accidents throughout residential development projects
• Roofing mishaps exacerbated by intense Texas heat are causing worker dizziness
• Unprotected building edges on multi-story commercial structures
• Elevator shaft incidents during mechanical installation phases

Heavy Equipment and Machinery Incidents

Construction machinery presents constant workplace dangers:

• Crane operational failures affecting major downtown development projects
• Forklift accidents occurring at material staging and distribution areas
• Power tool incidents resulting in severe lacerations and traumatic amputations
• Concrete mixer malfunctions during foundation installation procedures
• Bulldozer and excavator accidents throughout site preparation activities

Heat-Related Medical Emergencies

San Antonio’s extreme summer temperatures create distinctive construction hazards:

• Heat exhaustion during prolonged outdoor work in temperatures exceeding 100°F
• Heat stroke requires immediate emergency medical intervention and hospitalization
• Dehydration resulting in worker dizziness and subsequent fall accidents
• Thermal burns from superheated metal components and concrete exposed to direct sunlight
• Diminished concentration levels contribute to equipment operational accidents

Electrical Shock Injuries

Construction electrical installations generate serious injury risks:

• Electrocution incidents during building wiring installation procedures
• Arc flash burns sustained from electrical panel maintenance work
• Power line contact accidents involving crane operators
• Electrical tool malfunctions are causing shock injuries to workers

Struck-By Object Accidents

Objects falling or swinging on construction sites cause 8% of fatal construction accidents, with struck-by injuries accounting for approximately 17% of fatal construction injuries. Common incidents include:

• Falling debris from upper building levels is injuring workers below
• Construction zone vehicle accidents affecting workers and pedestrians
• Crane load accidents occur when materials become dislodged during transport
• Flying projectiles from power tools and construction equipment operations

Texas Workers’ Compensation Framework for Construction Workers

Unique Optional Coverage System

Texas maintains a distinctive legal framework allowing employers to opt out of traditional workers’ compensation coverage, creating potential complications for injured construction workers:

Subscribing Employers: Provide standard workers’ compensation benefits covering medical expenses and wage replacement
Non-Subscribing Employers: Face potential direct lawsuits for workplace injuries, though they may offer alternative benefit plans
Construction Contractors: Generally maintain coverage due to contractual requirements and liability concerns
Subcontractors: May lack comprehensive coverage, creating dangerous gaps in worker protection

Covered Construction Injuries and Benefits

When workers’ compensation coverage exists, benefits typically encompass:

• Complete medical expenses for all necessary treatment related to workplace injuries
• Wage replacement compensation at approximately 66% of average weekly earnings
• Disability benefits address both temporary and permanent physical impairments
• Vocational rehabilitation services for workers unable to return to construction employment
• Death benefits provide financial support for the families of workers killed in construction accidents

Construction-Specific Legal Challenges

Multiple factors complicate construction accident claims:

• Multi-Contractor Job Sites: Creating coverage disputes and liability questions among various responsible parties
• Independent Contractor Classifications: Potentially denying workers traditional coverage and benefit eligibility
• Out-of-State Workers: Creating complex jurisdictional complications regarding benefit calculations and legal proceedings
• Temporary Employment Arrangements: Affecting benefit calculations and coverage determinations

Major San Antonio Construction Projects and Safety Considerations

Downtown Development Initiatives

High-profile urban construction projects present unique safety challenges:

• Historic building renovations involving potential hazardous material exposure, including asbestos and lead
• High-rise construction requires comprehensive fall protection systems and protocols
• Underground utility work creates electrocution risks and confined space dangers
• Restricted urban construction spaces are increasingly afflicted by accident risks from vehicles and equipment

Highway Construction and Infrastructure

Texas Department of Transportation data indicates approximately 3,100 active work zones throughout the state, with major projects including:

• I-35 expansion through downtown corridors presents complex safety challenges
• Loop 1604 improvements in high-traffic areas require extensive traffic control measures
• Interchange construction necessitating work at significant elevations
• Nighttime construction operations create visibility hazards and traffic-related dangers

Residential Development Projects

Rapid suburban expansion throughout San Antonio generates specific safety concerns:

• Foundation excavation in challenging rocky San Antonio soil conditions
• Roofing installation during extreme heat conditions leading to heat-related medical emergencies
• Electrical system installation throughout new subdivision developments
• Landscaping and site preparation requiring heavy equipment operation

Legal Rights and Responsibilities Following Construction Accidents

Immediate Steps for Injured Construction Workers

Critical Actions:

1. Seek immediate medical attention – construction injuries frequently become life-threatening without prompt treatment
2. Report accidents to supervisors and safety personnel without delay
3. Document accident scenes with photographs when safely possible
4. Identify witnesses who observed the accident occurrence and circumstances
5. Preserve physical evidence, including damaged equipment or defective safety gear
6. Consult with experienced workers’ compensation attorneys before providing statements to insurance companies

Employer Legal Responsibilities

Construction employers must fulfill specific obligations:

• Maintain safe work environments, complying with OSHA safety standards and regulations
• Provide comprehensive safety training appropriate for specific job site hazards
• Supply proper safety equipment, including hard hats, safety harnesses, and protective clothing
• Conduct regular safety meetings addressing site-specific hazards and risk factors
• Report serious accidents to OSHA within the required timeframes following the incident occurrence

Third-Party Liability Considerations

Construction sites frequently involve multiple parties potentially sharing legal liability:

• General Contractors: Responsible for overall site safety coordination and management
• Equipment Manufacturers: Liable for defective machinery causing worker injuries
• Property Owners: May create unsafe conditions affecting construction worker safety
• Subcontractors: Whose negligent actions may affect other workers’ safety and well-being
• Utility Companies: Responsible for power line accidents and electrical hazard incidents

Professional Legal Assistance After San Antonio Construction Accidents

Importance of Experienced Representation

Construction accident cases frequently involve complex legal considerations:

• Intricate liability determinations among multiple potentially responsible parties
• Insurance coverage disputes between different carriers and coverage types
• Federal and state safety regulation violations requiring technical legal expertise
• Substantial medical expenses necessitating long-term treatment and rehabilitation
• Permanent disability considerations affecting future earning capacity and quality of life

Selecting Qualified Legal Counsel

Seek legal representation demonstrating:

• Construction Accident Experience: Proven track record of handling construction injury cases in San Antonio courts
• Texas Workers’ Compensation Knowledge: Comprehensive understanding of state-specific laws and regulations
• Investigation Resources: Ability to conduct thorough investigations of complex construction accidents
• Expert Witness Relationships: Connections with construction safety experts and industry professionals
• Successful Recovery History: Documented track record of substantial construction injury settlements and verdicts

Critical Time Limitations and Legal Deadlines

Texas law imposes strict deadlines affecting construction injury claims:

• Workers’ compensation claims require prompt reporting to employers and insurance carriers
• Third-party personal injury lawsuits generally maintain a two-year statute of limitations period
• OSHA safety complaints have specific filing requirements and deadlines
• Evidence preservation becomes absolutely critical immediately following accident occurrence

Safety, Prevention and Industry Culture

Construction Industry Safety Initiatives

San Antonio’s construction sector actively pursues safety improvements through:

• Comprehensive safety training programs are offered through local trade unions and professional organizations
• Contractor safety certifications are required for major municipal and commercial projects
• Advanced safety equipment improvements, including enhanced fall protection systems
• Heat illness prevention programs specifically designed for extreme summer conditions
• Mandatory drug and alcohol testing protocols prevent impairment-related workplace accidents

Worker Safety Rights and Protections

Construction workers account for approximately 20% of all workplace fatalities in the United States, with 1,069 fatal occupational injuries occurring annually in the construction industry. Workers maintain fundamental rights to:

• Safe work environments meeting comprehensive OSHA safety standards
• Adequate safety training before beginning potentially hazardous work assignments
• Proper safety equipment is provided by employers at no cost to workers
• Report safety violations without fear of employer retaliation or termination
• Refuse unsafe work assignments posing immediate danger to worker safety

San Antonio Resources for Injured Construction Workers

Medical Treatment Facilities

Comprehensive Medical Care:

• University Hospital – Level 1 trauma center specializing in severe construction injury treatment
• Methodist Hospital System – comprehensive orthopedic care and rehabilitation services
• UT Health San Antonio – occupational medicine specialists and workplace injury experts
• Workers’ compensation approved physicians throughout the San Antonio metropolitan area

Legal and Support Services

Professional Assistance:

• San Antonio Bar Association lawyer referral services for qualified construction accident attorneys
• Texas Workers’ Compensation Division information and assistance programs
• Legal aid organizations providing services for low-income construction workers
• Labor union representatives advocating for organized construction worker rights

Additional Support Resources

Recovery and Rehabilitation:

• Workforce Solutions Alamo providing retraining and job placement services
• Disability advocacy organizations assisting with benefit claims and appeals
• Family support services addressing catastrophic injury situations
• Financial assistance programs available during extended recovery periods

Conclusion

San Antonio’s remarkable construction boom creates substantial economic opportunities alongside significant safety risks for construction workers throughout the region. Understanding your comprehensive rights under Texas workers’ compensation law and recognizing when to seek professional legal assistance can determine whether you face financial devastation or receive proper compensation following a construction accident.

If you or a family member has sustained injuries in a San Antonio construction accident, contact an experienced workers’ compensation attorney immediately to protect your legal rights and ensure you receive the benefits you deserve under Texas law. Construction work inherently involves certain risks, but employers maintain legal obligations to maintain safe worksites and provide appropriate compensation when accidents occur.

Don’t allow insurance companies or employers to minimize your legitimate claim – secure qualified legal representation to protect your future following a construction injury.

Stucco and Building Envelope Defect Lawyers in San Antonio

Stucco and building envelope defects represent some of the most costly and complex construction problems facing San Antonio property owners. When exterior wall systems fail to perform their critical function of protecting buildings from weather elements, the resulting damage can be catastrophic, affecting structural integrity, indoor air quality, and property values throughout the region.

Understanding Building Envelope Systems in San Antonio

The building envelope serves as your property’s primary defense against San Antonio’s challenging climate conditions. This complex system includes exterior walls, windows, doors, roofing, and all the components that separate interior spaces from outdoor elements. When properly designed and installed, building envelope systems maintain comfortable interior conditions while preventing moisture intrusion, air infiltration, and energy loss.

Stucco represents one of the most popular exterior finishes in San Antonio due to its aesthetic appeal, durability potential, and compatibility with southwestern architectural styles. However, stucco systems are also among the most vulnerable to construction defects that can compromise the entire building envelope’s performance.

Critical building envelope components include:

• Exterior wall framing and sheathing systems
• Weather-resistant barriers and vapor barriers
• Insulation materials and installation methods
• Window and door flashing systems
• Stucco base coats, mesh reinforcement, and finish coats
• Architectural details and penetration sealing

Common Stucco and Envelope Defects

Stucco system failures rarely occur in isolation—they typically indicate broader building envelope problems that affect multiple components and systems. Understanding these interconnected defects helps property owners recognize problems early and pursue comprehensive legal remedies.

Stucco cracking and separation represents the most visible sign of system failure. Cracks allow moisture penetration that can reach structural components, causing wood rot, metal corrosion, and mold growth within wall cavities. Different crack patterns indicate different underlying problems, from normal settling to serious structural movement.

Improper installation techniques create long-term performance problems that may not become apparent for years after construction. Contractors who fail to properly prepare substrates, apply adequate base coats, or install reinforcing mesh according to manufacturer specifications create stucco systems prone to premature failure.

Inadequate flashing and moisture management around windows, doors, and architectural features creates direct pathways for water intrusion. Even small gaps or improperly sealed penetrations can allow significant moisture infiltration during San Antonio’s intense rainfall events.

Building envelope integration failures occur when different wall system components aren’t properly coordinated. For example, stucco systems must be properly integrated with window flashing, roof-to-wall connections, and foundation waterproofing to create continuous weather protection.

The Hidden Damage Behind Stucco Problems

Visible stucco defects often mask extensive hidden damage within wall systems. Moisture that penetrates defective stucco doesn’t simply evaporate—it becomes trapped within wall cavities where it creates ideal conditions for mold growth, wood decay, and metal corrosion.

Structural deterioration progresses silently as moisture compromises wood framing members, metal fasteners, and other load-bearing components. By the time property owners discover these problems, repair costs often exceed the building’s original construction cost.

Indoor air quality problems develop as mold colonies establish themselves within wall cavities and begin releasing spores into living spaces. These biological contaminants can trigger serious health problems, including respiratory issues, allergic reactions, and immune system complications.

Energy efficiency losses occur when moisture damages insulation materials or creates air infiltration pathways. Property owners often notice dramatically increased utility bills as their HVAC systems work harder to maintain comfortable interior conditions.

Construction Defects That Cause Envelope Failures

Most building envelope problems stem from construction defects that occurred during the design or installation process. These defects often involve multiple parties, including architects, general contractors, specialty subcontractors, and material suppliers.

Design deficiencies occur when architects fail to properly specify moisture management systems, detail complex wall assemblies, or account for local climate conditions. Inadequate building envelope designs cannot perform effectively regardless of installation quality.

Installation errors by contractors and subcontractors represent the most common cause of building envelope failures. Improper substrate preparation, inadequate flashing installation, and failure to follow manufacturer specifications create systems that cannot withstand normal weather exposure.

Material defects occasionally contribute to building envelope problems when manufacturers provide products that don’t perform as specified. However, most apparent material failures actually result from improper installation or specification rather than manufacturing defects.

Quality control failures allow defective work to proceed without correction. General contractors who fail to properly supervise specialty trades or conduct adequate inspections often miss critical installation errors that lead to future envelope failures.

Legal Liability for Building Envelope Defects

Building envelope defect claims typically involve multiple parties whose negligence or contract violations contributed to system failures. Successful legal strategies identify all responsible parties and pursue claims under appropriate legal theories.

Breach of contract claims target contractors who failed to install building envelope systems according to project specifications, industry standards, or manufacturer requirements. These claims can recover the cost of proper installation plus damages for resulting problems.

Professional negligence claims hold architects and engineers accountable for inadequate designs, improper material specifications, or failure to provide adequate construction oversight during critical installation phases.

Breach of warranty claims enforce express warranties provided by contractors and manufacturers, as well as implied warranties of workmanship and habitability that Texas law provides to protect property owners.

Strict liability claims may apply when defective building materials contribute to envelope failures, allowing recovery against manufacturers without proving negligence.

The Investigation and Repair Process

Building envelope defect claims require comprehensive investigation to determine the scope of problems, identify all contributing factors, and develop appropriate repair strategies. This complex process involves destructive testing, environmental sampling, and detailed analysis of construction documents.

Comprehensive building envelope assessments use advanced diagnostic techniques including infrared thermography, moisture meters, and endoscopic inspection to evaluate wall system performance without extensive demolition.

Environmental testing identifies mold contamination, air quality problems, and other health hazards that may require specialized remediation procedures beyond basic repairs.

Repair scope development requires coordination between construction experts, environmental consultants, and legal counsel to ensure that all defective work is identified and properly addressed.

Recovering Your Investment

Building envelope defect claims can recover substantial damages that reflect the true cost of comprehensive repairs and related consequences. These damages often include costs that extend far beyond simple stucco repair or replacement.

Direct repair costs include proper removal of defective materials, environmental remediation, structural repairs, and complete rebuilding of wall systems according to appropriate standards.

Consequential damages may include temporary relocation expenses, lost rental income, diminished property values, and medical expenses related to mold exposure or other health problems.

Legal costs and expert fees are often recoverable in successful construction defect claims, helping property owners pursue comprehensive remedies without bearing the full cost of complex litigation.

Time Limits and Immediate Action

Building envelope defect claims are subject to strict statutory time limits that require prompt legal action. Texas law generally requires contract claims to be filed within four years and negligence claims within two years of discovering defects.

However, building envelope problems continue to worsen until properly repaired, making immediate action critical to prevent additional damage and preserve evidence. Early legal intervention can also help coordinate emergency repairs while preserving claims against responsible parties.

Protecting Your Property Investment

Stucco and building envelope defects threaten your property’s structural integrity, safety, and value. When construction defects compromise your building’s weather protection, you shouldn’t bear the financial burden of comprehensive repairs and health risks.

Attorney Bryan A. Woods has extensive experience representing San Antonio property owners in complex building envelope defect cases. He works with leading building envelope specialists, environmental consultants, and construction experts to build compelling cases that hold all responsible parties accountable.

Don’t let building envelope defects compromise your property investment and family’s safety. Contact Bryan A. Woods today for expert legal representation that protects your rights and secures the compensation you deserve.

This Blog was brought to you by the Brian Woods Law Firm, your San Antonio Construction Lawyer

Construction Defects in Commercial Properties

When you manage a commercial property, you might not realize how construction defects can quietly undermine your investment. Issues like water intrusion or structural weaknesses may not be immediately visible, but they can lead to serious complications down the line. Understanding the common types of defects and their causes can help you take proactive measures. But what happens if these problems are left unchecked? The implications could be more significant than you think, and addressing them early is crucial. Let’s explore what you can do to protect your property and your bottom line.

Common Types of Defects

You’ll often find that common types of defects in commercial properties include structural issues, water intrusion, and faulty electrical systems.

Structural issues can manifest as cracks in walls, uneven floors, or compromised foundations. These problems not only affect the building’s aesthetics but can also pose safety risks to occupants.

Water intrusion is another prevalent defect. You might notice signs like mold growth, water stains, or a musty smell. These issues often indicate leaks in roofing systems or poor drainage, leading to significant damage over time and costly repairs.

Faulty electrical systems can create hazards and disrupt business operations. You could experience flickering lights, tripped circuit breakers, or insufficient power supply, which can indicate outdated wiring or improper installations.

Recognizing these defects early is crucial. They can lead to larger problems if left unaddressed, impacting property value and tenant satisfaction.

As you inspect commercial properties, keep an eye out for these common issues. It’s essential to document any defects and consult professionals for thorough evaluations and repairs. Taking proactive measures can save you time, money, and headaches down the road.

Causes of Construction Defects

Construction defects often arise from a combination of poor planning, inadequate materials, and substandard workmanship.

When you’re involved in a construction project, it’s crucial to ensure that every phase is meticulously planned. If the initial design and specifications lack clarity, it can lead to misunderstandings among contractors and workers, resulting in errors down the line.

Inadequate materials can also play a significant role in defects. Sometimes, budget constraints may tempt you to opt for cheaper alternatives, but this can compromise the overall quality. By skimping on materials, you might save money upfront but end up facing costly repairs later.

Substandard workmanship is another common cause. Even with the right plans and materials, if the labor force lacks the necessary skills or training, you’re likely to encounter problems. It’s important to vet contractors thoroughly and ensure they’ve a solid track record.

Identifying Defects Early

Identifying defects early in the construction process can save you significant time and money, allowing for timely corrections before issues escalate. Regular inspections during different phases of construction are essential. As you monitor the work closely, keep an eye out for common defects like poor workmanship, improper materials, or design inconsistencies.

You should also encourage open communication among your team, including contractors and subcontractors. When everyone knows what to look for, it’s easier to spot problems early. Utilize checklists that outline key quality standards to ensure that every aspect of the construction meets your specifications.

Don’t underestimate the importance of using technology. Drones, thermal imaging, and other tools can help identify issues that mightn’t be visible to the naked eye. If something seems off, trust your instincts and investigate further.

Moreover, provide training for your team to recognize potential defects. An educated workforce is more likely to catch problems before they become costly repairs. By committing to early detection, you not only protect your investment but also enhance the overall quality and longevity of your commercial property.

Legal Implications and Liabilities

Understanding the legal implications and liabilities associated with construction defects is crucial for protecting your investment and ensuring compliance with industry standards.

When defects arise, it’s essential to know who’s responsible. You could face liability as a property owner, but contractors, architects, and suppliers might also share the blame.

In many cases, you may need to prove negligence or breach of contract to hold someone accountable. If a defect leads to significant damages, you might find yourself in a costly legal battle. Therefore, it’s wise to document all communications and agreements with your contractors and service providers. This documentation can serve as crucial evidence if disputes arise.

Additionally, many states have specific laws governing construction defects, often setting time limits for filing claims. Being aware of these statutes is vital, as missing a deadline could forfeit your right to seek compensation. Consider consulting with a legal professional who specializes in construction law to navigate these complexities effectively.

Ultimately, understanding these legal aspects not only safeguards your investment but also helps you make informed decisions throughout the construction process. Keep yourself informed and proactive to mitigate potential risks associated with construction defects.

Repair and Remediation Strategies

When dealing with construction defects in commercial properties, selecting the right repair and remediation strategies is essential to restore safety and functionality.

First, you’ll want to conduct a thorough assessment to identify the defect’s root cause. This ensures that your chosen solution addresses the issue effectively rather than just masking it.

Next, prioritize engaging qualified professionals. Whether it’s structural engineers or specialized contractors, their expertise can provide valuable insights and ensure that repairs meet industry standards.

Depending on the defect, you may need to implement different strategies. For example, if you’re facing water intrusion, consider installing proper drainage systems or waterproof membranes.

For structural issues, reinforcing existing frameworks or replacing compromised materials might be necessary. In cases of cosmetic defects, like cracks or blemishes, you can opt for patching and repainting.

Always ensure that the repairs comply with local building codes and regulations to avoid future liabilities.

Lastly, document every step of the repair process. This not only provides a record for future reference but also helps in maintaining clear communication with stakeholders involved in the property.

Preventative Measures for Owners

To prevent construction defects in commercial properties, owners should prioritize regular inspections and maintenance to catch potential issues before they escalate.

Schedule routine assessments of your property, focusing on critical areas like roofing, plumbing, and electrical systems. Don’t wait for visible signs of wear or malfunction; proactive measures can save you time and money in the long run.

Engage with qualified professionals for these inspections. Their expertise can identify subtle defects that may go unnoticed. Additionally, keep detailed records of all maintenance and repairs. This documentation can be crucial for warranty claims or legal disputes if defects arise later.

Investing in quality construction materials and hiring reputable contractors during the initial build also pays off. Do your homework on contractors and check references to ensure they’ve a solid track record.

Lastly, foster a culture of open communication with your tenants or occupants. Encourage them to report any issues immediately, which can help you address potential defects before they develop into significant problems.

Taking care of construction defects in commercial properties is essential for maintaining value and functionality.

By understanding common issues, their causes, and identifying them early, you can save time and money in the long run.

Remember to engage qualified professionals for repairs and ensure compliance with building codes.

Taking preventative measures and fostering open communication among all stakeholders will help you avoid costly liabilities and keep your property in top condition.

More interesting Blogs about Construction Defects and how our attorney handles them, here:

https://www.butlerandprimeau.com/construction-defect-law-we-are-trial-ready/
https://www.sambrandlaw.com/construction-defects-types-of-building-issues/
https://www.petergoldsteinlawfirm.com/construction-defects-types-of-building-issues-voc/
https://www.thaddavidson.com/construction-defects-types-of-building-issues-faulty-foundations/
https://www.keithsaylorlaw.net/construction-defects-types-of-building-issues-cracked-tiles-deteriorating-wood-trim/
https://www.irvingattorney.net/construction-defects-law-common-problems/
https://www.griffithlaw.net/construction-defects-types-of-building-issues-improper-design/
https://www.siringolaw.com/construction-defects-law-common-problems/